Effectiveness of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Terminalia ivorensis on Feet Fungus Disease

Despite the evolution of modern medicine, traditional medicine remains widespread in developing countries and its use continues to increase in industrialized countries.It is the same way that the effectiveness of the hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia ivorensis was tested on the feet fungus disease of volunteers. Objective: The present work is oriented in the preparation of an antimicrobial hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia ivorensis, a medicinal plant in order to enhance it. Materials and Methods: One hundred (100) grams of powder from trunk bark’s Terminalia ivorensis were extracted by homogenisation in a solvent mixture of 70% ethanol and 30% distilled water in a blender. After six grinding cycles, the homogenate obtained in each case was first wrung out in a clean white cloth square and then successively filtered twice on cotton wool and on Whatman 3 mm filter paper. The filtrate obtained was dried in a Venticell oven. The powder obtained constitutes the hydroalcoholic extract (or The 70% hydroethanolic extract). The 70% hydroethanolic extract of Terminalia ivorensis obtained was mixed with water to obtain a pasty liquid form before being tested on feet fungus disease using a cotton ball. Results: The extract had activity on these different shapes of feet fungus disease with a marked improvement. The volunteers who finished their treatment have been cured of feet fungus disease. Conclusion: The treatment results obtained revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract has good antimicrobial activity. The hydroalcoholic extract can be an undeniable source for the development of Improved Traditional Medicines (ITM) against feet fungus disease.

Optimization of processing methods for Terminalia chebula based on fingerprint，antioxidant spectrum-effect correlation and multi-component contents / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To compare the similarities and differences between raw and different preparations of Terminalia chebula based on fingerprint， antioxidant spectrum-effect correlation and multi-component contents， and to provide a reference for searching for modern processing methods of T. chebula that are similar to classical ancient methods. METHODS Ten batches of raw and different preparations of T. chebula （single stir-fried products， bran-roasted products， sand-scorched products， ash-roasted products， stir-fried charcoal products， and wine-steamed products） were used as test samples. The high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） fingerprints of different samples were established by using the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM （2012 edition）， the chromatographic peaks were identified， and chemometrics analysis was carried out. At the same time， HPLC method was used to determine the contents of 8 identified components. The antioxidant capacity of raw and different preparations of T. chebula was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method， and the spectrum- effect relationship was analyzed. RESULTS A total of 20 common peaks were identified in the fingerprints of the raw and different preparations of T. chebula， and the similarity of each sample was ＞0.9. Nine common peaks were identified from the raw and different preparations of T. chebula， including chromatographic peak 2 （chebulic acid）， 3 （gallic acid）， 6 （punicalagin A）， 8 （punicalagin B）， 12 （corilagin）， 15 （chebulagic acid）， 18 （ellagic acid）， 19 （1，2，3，4，6-O-pentagalloyl glucose）， 20 （chebulinic acid）， etc. Compared with crude drug， the contents of the above 8 components （punicalagin A and B are recorded as punicalagin） in different preparations of T. chebula were changed， and the changes of the contents of the stir-fried charcoal and wine-steamed products were more obvious than those of other processed products. Chemometric analysis showed that the fingerprints of stir-fried charcoal and wine-steamed products of T. chebula were obviously distinguished from other processed products， and the fingerprint information of raw products and other processed products of T. chebula was partially overlapped. Four main differential components （chebulinic acid， chebulagic acid， gallic acid， ellagic acid） were obtained between raw and processed products of T. chebula； and four main effective components （chebulinic acid， chebulagic acid， gallic acid， corilagin） were obtained by analyzing the spectrum-effect relationship of antioxidant activity. The single stir-fried product of T. chebula showed the strongest antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS The single stir-frying method is a modern processing method of T. chebula which is similar to the classical ancient method and is more excellent.

Evaluation of arjunolic acid against Brucella melitenis and in vitro cytotoxic study of lung adenocarcinomic cell line (A549)

Brucellosis, a neglected tropical disease of zoonotic nature, is caused by the genus Brucella, specifically by Brucella abortus and B. melitensis in cattle and humans, respectively. Arjunolic acid (AA) is a triterpenoid, isolated from Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., a medicinally important plant used to treat various diseases in the Indian system of medicine. Here, we tried to evaluate AA for its antibacterial activity on Brucella and the in vitro cytotoxicity assay on human lung adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549). Also, we assessed the synergistic effect of arjunolic acid and Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.Schum. on B. melitensis. AA displayed a considerable antibacterial activity [zone of inhibition (9 mm) with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 30 ?g/mL] against B. melitensis. The rate of cell death for the cancer cells were at 100 ?g/mL concentration of AA was 82% which indicates that AA shows significant membrane disruption to cancer cells. The estimated IC50 of AA against the A549 cell line was 139.90 ?g/mL. The highest synergistic activity was exhibited forming a zone of inhibition measuring 10mm when arjunolic acid and AqE of T. asiatica was added in the concentration of 1:1, respectively.

Content changes of chemical constituents and comparison of the anti-ulcerative colitis effect of processed products of Terminalia chebula at different temperatures / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the content changes of ch emical constituents of processed products of Terminalia chebula at different temperatures ，and to compare its anti-ulcerative colitis effect. METHODS Processed products of T. chebula at different temperatures（160，180，200，220，240，260，280，300 ℃）were prepared by sand scalding technology. HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of gallic acid ，chebulagic acid ，chebulinic acid and ellagic acid in crude drug and processed products of T. chebula at different temperatures. The mice were divided into blank group ，model group ，Mesalazin enteric-coated tablets group （positive control ，0.4 g/kg），crude drug and processed products groups of T. chebula at different temperatures （1.3 g/kg），with 10 mice in each group. Except for blank group ，other groups were given 6％ acetic acid 0.1 mL via anus to induce ulcerative colitis model. After modeling ，blank group and model group were given water intragastrically ，and other groups were given relevant drug intragastrically ，20 mL/kg，once a day ，for consecutive 7 days. The general physical signs of mice in each group were observed and the body weight was recorded. The colorectal length and index ，serum levels of related inflammation indexes [superoxide dismutase （SOD），malondialdehyde （MDA），interleukin-10 （IL-10），IL-1 β ，tumor necrosis factor α （TNF-α）] were detected. The pathomorphological changes of colon and rectum were observed ，and the comprehensive score of pharmacodynamics was performed. RESULTS With the increase of processing temperature ，the contents of chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid decreased gradually ，the content of gallic acid increased first and then decreased ，and the content of ellagic acid increased. Compared with model group ，the general physical signs ，body weight ，colorectal length ，colorectal index and related inflammation indexes were all improved significantly in crude drug and processed products groups of T. chebula at different temperatures（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The glandular recess structure of colorectal tissue was repaired ，the infiltration of inflammatory cells was reduced ，and the comprehensive score of efficacy of processed products prepared at 260 ℃ was the highest. CONCLUSIONS The contents of chemical components in T. chebula processed at different temperatures change significantly and their anti-ulcerative colitis effects are different. The processed products of T. chebula prepared at 260 ℃ show the best anti-ulcerative colitis effect.

Content determination of 11 components in Terminalia chebula from different origins and comprehensive evaluation of their chemometrics / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establi sh the method for the con tent determination of 11 components in Terminalia chebula from different origins ，and to provide reference for their quality evaluation and superior provenance screening. METHODS Taking 16 batches of T. chebula from different origins as test samples ，high performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was established to determine the contents of 11 components，such as vitexin ，gallic acid ，methyl gallate ，ethyl gallate，ellagic acid ，corilagin，shikimic acid ，ferulic acid ，luteolin，quercetin and rutin. The determination was performed on Shim-pack GIST-HP C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid solution-methanol at the flow rate of 0.25 mL/ min（gradient elution ）. The sample size was 3 μL，and the column temperature was 35 ℃. Electrospray ionization source was used in positive and negative ion mode ，with multiple reaction monitoring. The atomized gas flow rate was 3 L/min，the heating gas flow rate was 10 L/min，the interface temperature was 300 ℃，the desolvent temperature was 526 ℃，and the heating block temperature was 400 ℃ . Grey correlation analysis （GRA）and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS）methods were used to compare ，analyze and comprehensively evaluate T. chebula from different origins. RESULTS The results of content determination methodology met the relevant requirements. The contents of 11 components in 16 batches of T. chebula were 7.27-106.38，5 370.24-31 010.43，21.42-1 097.50，4.26-111.09，17 940.42-38 490.18，6 247.26-40 182.18，12 125.94- 209 519.96，2.71-9.04，0.24-44.12，1.49-9.17 and 25.35-126.51 μg/g，respectively. The results of GRA and TOPSIS analysis showed that the comprehensive qualities of sample H 12（from Yunnan ），H11（from Guangxi ），H5（from Hunan ），H14（from Guangdong），H13（from Sichuan ），H8（from Guangdong ），H1（from Yunnan ）were better. CONCLUSIONS The established method is fast ，sensitive and reliable ，and can be suitable for comprehensive evaluation of the internal quality and superior provenance screening of T. chebula .

Folha de amendoeira como aditivo em dietas para Betta splendens / Use of almond leaf as additive in diets for Betta splendens

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, os parâmetrosmorfométricos, o comportamento social, a viabilidade econômica e a análise microbiológica da água de cultivo e de tecidos corpóreos de Betta splendens alimentados com folha da amendoeira Terminalia catappa (FFDA) como aditivo. Foram utilizados 28 machos de Bettas, acondicionados individualmente em aquários de 1,5L, por 50 dias. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos: 0,00%; 0,25%; 0,50% e 0,75% de inclusão da FFAD e sete repetições. Ao término do experimento, foram avaliados os parâmetros: desempenho zootécnico (ganho de peso diário, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência proteica, taxa de crescimento específico e fator de condição), morfométrico (comprimento total, padrão e da cabeça, altura, índice de perfil e índice de cabeça), comportamento social, viabilidade econômica da ração, análise microbiana do conteúdo intestinal, filé e escama e análise microbiológica da água. Pela ANOVA, pelo teste de Tukey e pela regressão (P>0,05), os parâmetros: peso final, ganho de peso, comprimento padrão, comprimento total e taxa de crescimento específico foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (P<0,05), apresentando um efeito quadrático. Assim, recomenda-se o nível de 0,50% de Terminalia catappa como aditivo em dietas de Betta splendens.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, morphometric parameters, social behavior, economic viability, the presence of enterobacteria in the intestinal contents and a microbiological analysis of the water culture of Betta splendens fed with almond-tree-leaf flour (ATLF) as an additive. Twenty-eight male B. splendens were individually put in 1.5 L aquariums. The experiment was done in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments: 0.00%; 0.25%; 0.50% and 0.75%, of the ATLF, dehydrated Terminalia catappa with seven repetitions each. At the end of the experimental period, the parameters were evaluated: performance (daily weight gain, feed intake, apparent feed conversion, protein efficiency rate, specific growth rate and condition factor), morphometric (total length, standard head, height, profile index and head index), social behavior, economic viability of the feed, microbial analysis of intestinal contents, fillet and scales, and microbiological analysis of the water. Though ANAVA, Tukey test and regression analysis (P> 0.05), the parameters: final weight, weight gain, standard length, total length and specific growth rate were influenced by the treatments (P< 0.05), presenting a quadratic effect. Therefore, the 0.50% level of Terminalia catappa is recommended as additive in Betta splendens diets.(AU)

Comparative Study of Cytotoxicity and Anti-inflammatory Effects between Raw Aconitium kusnezoffii and Aconitium kusnezoffii Processed with Terminalia chebula / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To comp are cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of raw Aconitium kusnezoffii and A. kusnezoffii processed with Terminalia chebula . METHODS ：Using H 9c2 cardiomyocytes isolated from rat as subjects ，CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effects of 0.5，1，2，4，6，8，10 mg/mL raw A. kusnezoffii and A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula on cell inhibition rate after cultured for 4，8，12，24 h. Hoechst 33258 staining was used to observe the effects on cell morphology characteristics after treated with 2，4，6 mg/mL raw A. kusnezoffii and A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula . Using macrophages RAW264.7 cells as subjects ，CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effects of 0.05，0.1，0.25，0.5，0.75，1，1.5，2 mg/mL raw A. kusnezoffii and A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula on cell survival rate after cultured for 24 h. ELISA assay was used to detect the effects of 0.05，0.1，0.25，0.5 mg/mL raw A. kusnezoffii and A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula on the release of NO ， TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 inflammation cells induced by LPS. RESULTS ：When the mass concentration was 0.5，1 mg/mL， neither raw A. kusnezoffii and A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula had no inhibitory effect on H 9c2 cells. When the mass concentration was 2 mg/mL，the inhibitory effects of A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula on H 9c2 cells was higher than that of raw A. kusnezoffii （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）；fluorescence intensity of cells treated for 24 h was stronger than that of raw A. kusnezoffii，but its nucleus was intact. When the mass concentration was 4-10 mg/mL，the inhibitory rate of A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula on H 9c2 cells at different time points （except for 24 h culture of 8，10 mg/mL）was significantly lower than raw A. kusnezoffii （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The characteristics of cell morphology also showed that the fluorescence intensity of raw A. kusnezoffii group at 4，6 mg/mL was stronger than that of A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula group，and the cell nucleus fragmentation was more serious in the raw A. kusnezoffii group. 0.05-0.5 mg/mL raw A. kusnezoffii and A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula had no toxicity to RAW264.7 cells. 0.25，0.5 mg/mL raw A. kusnezoffii and 0.1，0.25，0.5 mg/mL A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula showed significant inhibitory effect on the release of NO ，0.05，0.1，0.25，0.5 mg/mL raw A. kusnezoffii and A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula showed significant inhibitory effect on the release of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cell（P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）. The inhibitory effects of A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula at the same concentration on the release of NO was better than that of raw A. kusnezoffii ，but poorer than raw A. kusnezoffii in the inhibitory effects on the release of TNF-α and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS：The toxicity of A. kusnezoffii can be reduced after processed with T. chebula ，especially the toxicity of it in medium or high concentration and short-term use is lower than that of raw A. kusnezoffii . At the same time ，the anti-inflammatory effect of A. kusnezoffii processed with T. chebula is comparable to that of raw A. kusnezoffii at the same concentration.

Preliminary study of basis of hepatotoxic substance of ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella Kurtwith high content screening assay / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the material basis of hepatotoxicity induced by the ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella Kurt using high content screening. Methods Shikimic acid, benzoic acid, gallic acid, and 1,2,3,4,6-o-pentagalactosyl glucose were applied to HepG2 cells, respectively, and the cells were stained with fluorescent stains such as Hoechst 33342. The imagewas scannedand the collected datawere input into the Assay Template. Finally, the dose-response curves of cell numbers, DNA content, GSH reduction level, ROS content, MMP and other indicators were obtained for different monomers at different concentrations, thereby the hepatotoxicity of the monomers was determined. Results Aspirin and shikimic acid showed negative results. Ticlopidine, benzoic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-o-pentagalloglucose, gallic acid caused a significant decrease in cell number and increase in ROS content. There was a risk of liver-toxicity. Conclusions Gallic acid, benzoic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-o-pentagalactosylglucose have the risk of hepatotoxicity, and the risk of hepatotoxicity caused by gallic acid is the largest. Basically, gallic acid is safer when administered at concentrations below 50 mg·L-1

Research progress in Terminalia chebula and its predictive analysis on Q-marker / 中草药

Terminalia chebula is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which distributed in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Tibet and etc. T. chebula is widely used in the clinical medicine of Chinese medicine and it plays a significant role in the Mongolian medicine and the Tibetan medicine. The chemical composition of T. chebula is rich and diverse, including phenolic acids, tannins, triterpenoids, aliphatics, flavonoids, volatile oils, amino acids, trace elements, carbohydrates and so on. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that T. chebula extract has many pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, detoxification, antibacterial, strong heart, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, anti-microbial, and promoting bronchial smooth muscle contraction. From the aspects of textual research, chemical composition characteristics, pharmacological action and so on, this paper expounds the research progress of T. chebula. According to the core concept of Q-marker, we predicted and analyzed the quality markers of T. chebula from the aspects of chemical composition characteristics, traditional efficacy, medicinal properties, pharmacokinetics, new clinical use and measurable composition. It provides reference for the quality evaluation of T. chebula.

Nanosuspension enhances dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract in vivo and in vitro

Objective: To enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract by formulating its nanosuspension. Methods: Nanoprecipitation approach was used for the formulation of nanosuspension using polysorbate-80 as a stabilizer. The formulated nanosuspension was assessed for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential value and for in vitro dissolution study. Oral bioavailability studies were carried out in Wistar male albino rats by administering a single dose (50 mg/kg. b. wt) of the formulated nanosuspension and coarse suspension. The storage stability of the formulated nanosuspension was determined after three months of storage at room temperature and under the refrigerated condition. Mutagenicity assay was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the formulated nanosuspension using two mutant strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98).Results: The mean particle size of the formulated nanosuspension was 90.53 nm with polydispersity index and zeta potential values of 0.175 and ?15.7 mV, respectively. Terminalia arjuna nanosuspension showed improved dissolution rate and 1.33-fold higher oral bioavailability than its coarse suspension. The formulated nanosuspension also showed better stability under the refrigerated condition and was non-mutagenic against both strains. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that nanosuspension technology can effectively enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract.

Nanosuspension enhances dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract in vivo and in vitro

Objective: To enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract by formulating its nanosuspension. Methods: Nanoprecipitation approach was used for the formulation of nanosuspension using polysorbate-80 as a stabilizer. The formulated nanosuspension was assessed for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential value and for in vitro dissolution study. Oral bioavailability studies were carried out in Wistar male albino rats by administering a single dose (50 mg/kg. b. wt) of the formulated nanosuspension and coarse suspension. The storage stability of the formulated nanosuspension was determined after three months of storage at room temperature and under the refrigerated condition. Mutagenicity assay was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the formulated nanosuspension using two mutant strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98). Results: The mean particle size of the formulated nanosuspension was 90.53 nm with polydispersity index and zeta potential values of 0.175 and-15.7 mV, respectively. Terminalia arjuna nanosuspension showed improved dissolution rate and 1.33 fold higher oral bioavailability than its coarse suspension. The formulated nanosuspension also showed better stability under the refrigerated condition and was non-mutagenic against both strains. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that nanosuspension technology can effectively enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract. Zafar Fatiqa 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara Jahan Nazish 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Khalil-Ur-Rahman 3 Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Asi Muhammad 4 Food Toxicology Lab, Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad Zafar Waseeq-Ul-Islam 5 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University of Information and Technology, Islamabad Pawar SS, Dahifale BR, Nagargoje SP, Shendge RS. Nanosuspension technologies for delivery of drugs. Nanosci Nanotech Res 2017; 4(2): 5966. Kilor V, Sapkal N, Daud A, Humne S, Gupta T. Development of stable nanosuspension loaded oral films of glimepiride with improved bioavailability. Int J Appl Pharm 2017; 9(2): 28-33. He J, Han Y, Xu G, Yin L, Neubi MN, Zhou J, et al. Preparation and evaluation of celecoxib nanosuspensions for bioavailability enhancement. RSC Adv 2017; 7: 13053-13064. 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On the identities of Neotropical Stegana species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). I. Redescription of Stegana magnifica Hendel, 1913 and Stegana fumipennis (Enderlein, 1922)

Abstract Two conspicuous Steganinae species, Stegana (Steganina) magnifica Hendel, 1913 from Amazonian Peru and Stegana (Ceratostylus) fumipennis (Enderlein, 1922) from southern Brazil, are redescribed based on holotypes, and their identities are clarified. Both species are exclusive to the Neotropical Region and the first, with a body length of about 5.5 mm, is the largest species of Stegana described so far in this region, while the latter displays a peculiar antenna bearing an unusual, forward-projected, comma-shaped flagellomere 1. The photomicrographs of the habitus and terminalia of each specimen are also provided.

On the identities of Neotropical Stegana species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). II. Stegana acutangula (Hendel) and Stegana triseta (Duda), with descriptions of three new closely related species

ABSTRACT Stegana (Orthostegana) acutangula (Hendel) from Bolivia and Stegana (Steganina) triseta (Duda) from Costa Rica are redescribed based on type specimens, and their identities clarified. A single syntype male of the first species (type species of the subgenus Orthostegana) is designated as a lectotype and one male out of the four Costa Rican syntypes (3 males, 1 female) of the latter species was selected as a lectotype of the Steganina subgenus. The other three (2 males, 1 female) specimens were designated as paralectotypes. All four males were dissected and their terminalia were photomicrographed. The two male Stegana triseta paralectotypes proved to belong to two unknown species closely related to Stegana acutangula, described here as Stegana dudai sp. nov. and Stegana turrialba sp. nov., and another male specimen, collected at Parque Nacional Yasuní, provinces of Napo/Orellana, Ecuador, is described as Stegana yasuni sp. nov. Additionally, we have included photomicrographs of the habitus of the type specimens as well as of some nontype specimens from Peru and Costa Rica. Based on the descriptions herein we not only clarified the status of these five species but also propose including all of them in the subgenus Orthostegana.

Protective Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract in Doxorubicin Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats

Aim:To study the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Terminalia chebulain rats.Study Design:Hyperlipidemia was induced by administering doxorubicin and the effect of Terminalia chebulawas studied in male and female rats.Methodology:Three doses of hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia chebula(0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 gm/kg, body weight, per orally for 28 days) was tested against the doxorubicin (0.25 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal, 6 doses for 12 days) in male and female rats. Serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) were estimated. The antioxidant effect was determined by estimating the serum peroxidation levels. The result of the data was analyzed statistically by One-way Anova followed by Bonferroni comparison test. p<0.05 was considered to indicate the significance of the results.Results and Discussion: The data indicated that a dose-dependent significant (p<0.05) reversal was observed in the doxorubicin-induced elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and diminished HDL-cholesterol upon treatment with Terminalia chebulain male rats. In the female rats, only the highest tested doseof Terminalia chebula(1 gm/kg) produced the inhibitory effect in the elevated lipid levels without affecting significantly the HDL-cholesterol activity. Further, when Terminalia chebulawas tested separately at 0.5 g before and after the administration of doxorubicin, a significant inhibition was observed in the post treatment in both sexes. Serum lipid peroxidation was found to be significantly (p<0.05) reduced by the extract compared to the doxorubicin group. Conclusion:The results suggest that Terminalia chebulaextract might have the potential to reduce doxorubicin-induced hyperlipidemic complications if administered together or after thedoxorubicin therapy

Influence of the Nutritive Composition on the Organoleptic Characters of Cakes Enriched with Fruits Almond of Terminalia catappa

Aims: The study focuses the organoleptic trend according to the nutritive composition of cakes processed from wheat flour enriched with the almond flour of T. catappa, a plant growing in some regions of Côte d’Ivoire. Study Design: Nine formulations of cakes processed from addition of almond flour of Terminalia catappa to wheat flour and then submitted to nutrients and descriptive sensory analyses. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Biochemistry department of Biosciences Unit, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University, running 2015. Methodology: The contents in nutriments, namely macronutrients, minerals (macroelements and oligoelements), vitamins, and polyphenol antioxidants of the enriched cakes were determined using standard methods and their sensory description achieved. Then, the influence between both types of characteristics was assessed through the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) at ± 0.5 significance using statistical software SPSS. Results: The cakes investigated recorded invarious content in total carbohydrates (the major nutritive compound of the flours) whereas the other nutrients increased accordingly to the ratio of the almond flour incorporated for. Oppositely, the full sensory descriptors were responded with statistically similar scores over the cakes formulated. The correlation analysis mainly showed reduction of the cakes aroma during the nutrients increase, with r coefficients of –0.65 to –0.54. Thus, the study shows no rather nutritional influence of the nutritive enrichment of cakes on the sensory profile. Conclusion: The valorization of the cakes enriched with almonds of T. catappa could be sustained on the basis of their acceptance by consumers.

Phytochemical Screening of Root, Stem and Leave Extracts of Terminalia avicennoides

The phytochemical screening of Terminalia avicennoids was carried out using qualitative method to determine the bioactive compounds present in the plant root, stem and leave extracts. Cooled Maceration method was used for the extraction. Hundred grams (100 g) of each powder was soaked in 1000 ml of distilled water, allowed to stand for 5 hours. The suspension was agitated after 30 minutes. The filtrate was thereafter separated from residue using No. 1 Whatman filter paper and concentrated using rotary evaporator. The crude extracts were separately kept in a screw capped bottle for further research. The bioactive compound in the plants were detected using AOAC method. The result revealed that alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponins, phenol and glycoside were detected in the plants while steroid was not detected in the plants. Therefore, the presence of these phytocompounds is an indicative that the plant is medicinal and it can be used for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.

Description of a new Brazilian species of Mycodrosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) with emphasis on the morphology of phallic sclerites

ABSTRACT Mycodrosophila is a cosmopolitan genus of Drosophilidae that comprises approximately 130 species with mycophagous habitats. In this study, we described a new species of Mycodrosophila based on morphological traits and included details of the male terminalia. The holotype is from Eugênio Lefévre, locality in Campos do Jordão municipality, SP, Brazil, located in the Atlantic rainforest biome and was sampled in the 1930s.

Evaluation of the Toxicity of the Ethanol Extract 70% of the Bark of Terminalia macroptera (Combretaceae) on Whistar Rats

Nowadays, many medicinal plants have proved effective in combating the phenomenon of bacterial multi-resistance against conventional antibiotics. However, the use of these plants, traditionally is done withoutprecise doses. And this inaccuracy of dose is a real problem of traditional medicine. Thus prospecting for empirically administered plant extract requires dosage monitoring to avoid the risk of a fatal therapeutic accident. It is in this context that the study of the toxicity of Terminalia macropterawhich presents itself as an anti-infectious agent, capable of overcoming certain strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been initiated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of 70% ethanol extract of T.macroptera in rats and to deduce its safety. With regard to the evaluation of the toxicity, rats were used whose mass varies between 100 and 170 grams. Then, using OECD Guideline 425, (2006), acute toxicity was achieved. Then the 100, 300 and 500 mg / kg bm doses were used in sub-acute toxicity to evaluate biochemical and hematological parameters. The results show an LD50> 5000 mg / kg bm. Therefore, according to the OECD classification, the hydroethanolic extract belongs to category 5, non-toxic substances. Also, the biochemical and hematological results revealed that the extract did not change at any time at P <0.05, biochemical marker levels (UREE, ASAT, ALAT, CK and LDH), reflecting vital organs of the body. So the extract would have no effect on the heart, liver and kidneys. 70% ethanol extract of T. macroptera would be safe for use as a drug and therefore could contribute to the production of Traditionally Enhanced Medicines (MTAs).

On the identities of Rhinoleucophenga pallida Hendel and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew) (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with description of a new sibling species from Brazil

Abstract Rhinoleucophenga pallidaHendel, 1917 (type species of the genus) is redescribed based on its female holotype and a male from a nearby locality, and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew, 1872) on its two syntypes, which are designated as the male lectotype and a female paralectotype. Both are valid species. A proposal is made to establish the genus Pseudophortica Sturtevant, 1918 (type species R. obesa), a junior synonym of Rhinoleucophenga, to subgenus rank and include all species of Rhinoleucophenga described or redescribed from males except R. pallida, which is unique in having a remarkable pedunculate surstylus, among other differences. The North American R. obesa is compared to its closest sibling, the South American species Rhinoleucophenga gigantea (Thomson, 1869). The occurrence of R. obesa in Brazil is also questioned, as suggested long ago by Marshall R. Wheeler. The specimens from Brazil previously identified as such most probably belong to the new species described in the present paper as Rhinoleucophenga (Pseudophortica) cantareira sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Estadual da Cantareira, City of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil). Numerous photomicrographs of their habitus and male terminalia taken with a Smartphone's rear camera and digitally stacked to create images with greater depth of focus are provided.

Nutritional and Spectral Characteristics of Terminalia Plants

Aims: Terminalia spp. is medicinal plants that belong to Combretaceae family, widely used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. In this work, the nutritional constituents of the leaves, seed kernel and seed coat from four Terminalia species (T. arjuna, T. bellirica, T. catappa and T. chebula) are reported. Methodology: Polyphenol and flavonoid contents were analyzed spectrophotometrically by using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride as reagents, respectively; mineral contents were quantified by using X-ray fluorescence; and the functional groups of the phytochemicals were investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Results: The total concentration of 20 macro- and micronutrients and heavy metals (viz. P, S, Cl, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, As and Pb), and the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in the seed kernels ranged from 1754 to 65521 mg/kg, from 2150 to 51100 mg/kg and from 63 to 42300 mg/kg, respectively. Polyphenol and mineral contents for the Terminalia spp. seed coats and leaves were also determined. The enrichment in each of aforementioned elements with respect to the soil content was calculated. The vibrational spectra of the leaves and seed coats agreed with a composition rich in lignin, hemicellulose, cutin, pectin and flavonoids, while those of the seed kernels were in accordance with the presence of unsaturated oils, protein, and fiber. Conclusion: Various parts of the four Terminalia species under study (T. arjuna, T. bellirica, T. catappa and T. chebula) featured high contents of nutrients and polyphenols needed for biological metabolism and human health. In addition, heavy metals were only present at traces level, indicating that these Terminalia plants would be safe for medicinal uses.